I recently returned from a holiday in Jersey. This is the largest of the Channel Isles, a compact 46 square miles with a landscape of lush rolling hills, surrounded by numerous sandy beaches. The most recent census recorded just over 103,000 inhabitants, a third living in the capital St Helier. Apart from a short stretch of dual-carriageway, the island’s roads are the kind of narrow lanes similar to those found in rural England and France. Travel is made easy by an excellent bus service. Bus routes all leave from the Liberation Square Bus Station in the centre of St Helier, and reach all parts of the island. Buses are frequent, punctual, clean and cheap, supplemented by many well-regulated taxis. There would seem to be little need for people living on Jersey to own a car. But own them they do. There are over 124,000 registered motor vehicles on Jersey, more than one per inhabitant. It is therefore not surprising that there are daily traffic jams in St Helier, with all the resulting pollution and nuisance. Car travel in Jersey can hardly be a fulfilling experience. The speed limit is 40 miles/hour throughout the island and 20 miles/hour in St Helier. Why, therefore, do so many people in Jersey go to all the expense of buying and maintaining a car?
The reason is the same as in most other European countries. The car is purchased only in part because it is it useful and convenient for everyday life. A major reason for owning a car and for the type of car owned is that it is a positional good. A car, for many people, defines their status in society, and generates the pleasure in being superior or at least as good as those of their neighbours that they compare themselves to. This can mean buying cars that are far too large and/or expensive for their needs. So some wealthy people in cities buy large ugly (and usually black) four-wheel drive vehicles that are inconvenient to park in and manoeuvre around narrow urban streets. These successfully assert an important personal presence, so that is usually disappointing to see the rather insignificant people that alight from them. Owning a car has also become a marker of adult life, so that it is common to see rows of cars outside a house, one for each member of the household.
The mass ownership of motor cars has had a devastating effect on ordinary life. Pleasant villages, towns and cities have been torn apart to create broad roads and parking spaces. Yet new roads built to alleviate congestion rapidly become noisy and congested. Children can no longer play safely outside their house, and are driven to schools because their parents see walking and cycling as dangerous activities. People walk less than in the past, and are prone to obesity. Their solution is to go to a gym, usually in a car. Motor vehicles are major sources of pollution and hence illness and premature death. These pollutants include particulates, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and airborne particles of soot and metal which cause skin and eye irritation and allergies, while very fine particles cause respiratory problems. Increased air pollution may also be associated with dementia. Other dangerous pollutants from motor vehicle exhausts include carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, benzene and formaldehyde. in the UK, motor vehicles generate 24% of greenhouse gases and are therefore an important factor in climate change.
Any government action to limit the use of motor cars in response to these problems faces major obstacles. People’s identities are now so attached to car-ownership that restrictions are experienced as personal insults. There are angry reactions to official attempts to tax the most polluting vehicles or to limit speed limits and restrict access in urban streets. Governments’ responses are therefore timid. Instead of proposing policies to reduce the number of private cars, they support the introduction of a different kind of car. Electric cars do have lower rates of dangerous emissions than petrol or diesel-powered vehicles, but will require a major expansion of electric power supply, a massive new infrastructure of charging points, and the large-scale mining of rare earth metals which are shipped around the world in large polluting cargo ships.
Humanity’s obsession with private motor vehicles will come to an end one day, probably as a result of catastrophe rather than action by governments. Until then, we will continue to drive to our holidays in picturesque villages with narrow pedestrian streets, free of fumes and the noise of traffic.
